A unified 3D space-based navigation model for seamless navigation in indoor and outdoor

Seamless navigation has attracted lots of attention and many methods have been reported in the literature or made available as commercial applications. The process can be interpreted a continuous movement 3D objects from one unoccupied indoor/outdoor space to another. From technical perspective, model is critical components that should perform successful navigation. A major approach build unified support seamless path computation linking indoor networks outdoor road/street-based networks. Because different sources networks, fails up true models. With regards this, we propose space-based (U3DSNM). presented ensures all types spaces for (indoor, semi-indoor, semi-outdoor, outdoor) same representation, management methods, network derivation approach, thereby building paths planning. linked international standards (data models) are also based on spaces, such IndoorGML on-going version CityGML 3.0. Three planning cases show feasibility U3DSNM.